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Ebook The Psychology of Human Sexuality
For centuries, societies around the world defined sex as just one thing:
penis-in-vagina intercourse within the context of marriage for the
purpose of procreation. Any other form of genital stimulation was not
only viewed as sinful, but it could potentially get you thrown in jail or,
in some cases, put to death. In stark contrast to this view, the concept
of sex in modern times has been significantly expanded, and sexual
activity has become quite complex. For instance, “sex” now refers to a
wide range of behaviors, including everything from mutual
masturbation to oral, vaginal, and anal stimulation, not to mention
things like “sexting” and phone sex. Sexual activity today is no longer
legally or morally restricted to traditional heterosexual marriage
either; sex occurs between unmarried romantic partners, “friends with
benefits,” and people of varying sexual orientations. Furthermore,
sexual acts can serve a wide range of purposes, with procreation being
just one possibility. In fact, in a study in which people were asked why
they have sex, participants reported 237 distinct reasons for “getting it
on” (Meston & Buss, 2007)! The most commonly cited reasons for
both men and women included feeling attracted to another person,
wanting to have fun or experience physical pleasure, and wanting to
show affection or love for someone else. The least common reasons
included making money, punishing oneself, wanting to give a sexually
transmitted disease to another person, and feeling closer to God. This
immense variation in sexual activities, relationships, and motivations
means that understanding sex in today's world is a complicated task.
The goal of this chapter is to give you the theoretical foundation
necessary for appreciating the complexities and intricacies of modern
human sexuality from a psychologist's perspective.
As a starting point, it is useful to acknowledge that every single sexual
act is the result of several powerful forces acting upon one or more
persons. These forces include our individual psychology, our genetic
background and evolved history, as well as the current social and
cultural context in which we live. Some of these influences favor sexual
activity, whereas others oppose it. Whether sex occurs at any given
moment depends upon which forces are strongest at the time.
Let us consider in more detail some of these different forces and the
ways they can impact human sexual decision making and behavior.
Following that, we will consider some of the dominant theoretical
perspectives used by psychologists in understanding human sexuality,
before ultimately presenting the model that we will use to organize the
remaining chapters in this book
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